Pharmaceutical Price Controls in the Oecd Countries

Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD Countries Implications for U.S. Consumers, Pricing, Research and Development, and Innovation U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration The International Trade Administration (ITA) has as its mission the creation of economic opportunity for U.S. workers and firms by promoting international trade, opening foreign markets, ensuring compliance with trade laws and agreements, and supporting U.S. commercial interests at home and abroad. To learn more about the ITA, write to: International Trade Administration, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230, or visit the ITA’s Internet site at www.ita.doc.gov. Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD†¦show more content†¦Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration Executive Summary Improvements in health care and life sciences are an important source of gains in health and longevity globally. The development of innovative pharmaceutical products plays a critical role in ensuring these continued gains. To encourage the continued development of new drugs, economic incentives are essential. These incentives are principally provided through direct and indirect government funding, intellectual property laws, and other policies that favor innovation. Without such incentives, private corporations, which bring to market the vast majority of new drugs, would be less able to assume the risks and costs necessary to continue their research and development (RD). In the United States, government action has focused on creating the environment that would best encourage further innovation and yield a constant flow of new and innovative medicines to the market. The goal has been to ensure that consumers would benefit both from technological breakthroughs and the competition that further innovation generates. The United States also relies on a strong generic pharmaceutical industry to create added competitive pressure to lower drug prices. Recent action by the Administration and Congress has accelerated the flow of generic medicines to the market for precisely that reason. By contrast, in the Organization for Economic Cooperation andShow MoreRelatedPharmaceutical Industry : United Kingdom, Usa Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main hub of pharmaceutical industry are in United Kingdom, USA. New Zealand is far away located from these countries and has a population of 4.4 million and has got less number of pharmaceutical industries. The statistics figure show that there were only two compounds developed during 2001 but due to increased in the government funds from $16.3 million in the year 2000-2001 to $43.1 million in the year 2006-2007 the number increased to 12. The success and profit of a pharmaceutical industry dependsRead MoreU.s. Health Care System Es say1600 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the real and perceived performance of the U.S. health care system? Are the views different among patients, providers, payers, and policy makers? Why or why not? According to Kovner and Knickman (2011), acutely ill patients within the country may hold a positive view of the country’s healthcare system, as the U.S. is scientifically and technology advanced in treating life-threatening injuries and illnesses. Overall quality of healthcare performance, however, is lacking (Kovner KnickmanRead MoreCanadian Drug Coverage940 Words   |  4 PagesAddressing Gaps in Canadian Drug Coverage According to Morgan and Boothe (2016), Canadas medicare system is the only one among developed countries that has universal public health insurance but does not also have universal prescription drug coverage. The amount of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending is an immense burden for many Canadians, accounting for 34.3% of private expenditures, (Hennessey et al., 2016); and in Ontario, one in three people do not have employer-provided health insurance (Barnes Read MoreWhat Is The Power Of Rising Pharmaceutical Prices In The United States?700 Words   |  3 Pagesrealm, yet there is a great discrepancy between the price of health care and the quality of such. In addition, an abundance of evidence shows that this modern nation currently spends 18% of its GDP on health care, where the majority is comprised of private expenditures (OECD 2015). The private sector of health spending, in particular, is of great interest, because 17% of total healthcare costs is attributed to prescription drugs. Ph armaceutical companies in the U.S justify excessive costs for medicationRead MoreWhat Is Political Action For Universal Drug Care934 Words   |  4 PagesAddressing Gaps in Canadian Pharmacare According to Morgan and Boothe (2016), Canadas Medicare system is the only one among the developed countries that has universal public health insurance but does not also have universal prescription drug coverage. The amount of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending can become a great burden on Canadians, as private insurance â€Å"only composes approximately 34.3% of expenditures,† (Hennessey et al., 2016); and in Ontario, 1 in 3 people do not have employer-provided healthRead MoreBiotechnology Industry Analysis1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe price. The producer can set a high price to cover the huge RD costs and gain high profits. The annual report of the two company showed that the EBITDA of CSL and COH are 1350.3 million dollars and 236.6 million dollars in June 2011. However, the buy power can be a bit lower. According to the study of U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration (2004), in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries su ch as Australia, have the price control on theRead MoreUs Health Care System With Oecd1355 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of US health care system with OECD Referring to the health care performance analysis done by the commonwealth fund (put a reference), the US health care system consistently fails to achieve the balance between the service provided and the expenditure incurred. Although the U.S. spends more on health care than any other country and has the highest proportion of specialist physicians, survey findings indicate that from the patients perspective, and based on outcome indicators, the performanceRead MoreAdequate Measurement Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1227 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment (OECD), pertaining to data from 2006, it is notable that of 30 industrialized counties measured, the U.S. health care spending was significantly higher, both per capita and as a gross domestic product (Anderson Squires, p. 1-2). In The Commonwealth Fund issues that have been publicized since are dated in 2013 and 2014, where data from 2011 is analyzed. In the five years that has passed, spending in the U.S. has still been higher than in any other industrialized country. However, spendingRead MoreWhat Is The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act?1494 Words   |  6 PagesBackground The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act (S. 2011) would amend Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to allow for the negotiation of drug prices on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries for those medications covered under Medicare Part D. The policy would be enacted at the federal level, and the policy tool used to do so would be federal funding. Under this bill, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) would be given the power to negotiate drug prices as well as establishRead MoreThe New Zealand Healthcare System Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesits GDP on the health care industry. This represents nearly double the amount spent by other OECD nations (an average of 8.7%) and came in 40 percent higher than the next highest nation, France, which had an 11.2% of GDP outlays on health care expenditures. If we examine these costs at an individual level the US spent $7,538 per capita (per person) on health care. This was more than double the OECD median for expen ditures which was $2,995. Again the next highest nations were considerably less

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1670 Words

A prominent and influential twentieth century American playwright from Harlem, New York, Arthur Miller was a dramatist whose works are focused on human purpose. Some of his most famous works include Death of a Salesman, All My Sons, and The Crucible. Miller s play, The Crucible, is based in the Puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts. Throughout Salem in the spring of 1692, a wave of hysteria, fear, and panic fell on the settlers of the town caused by an increase in the belief of witches in the village. The tension of the situation increases when Reverend Parris catches his niece and the former servant of John Proctor, Abigail Williams, dancing and singing naked in the forest with about ten other girls from the village. Parris now suspects Abigail is a witch and attempts to get to the bottom of what was going on in the woods that fateful night by inviting Reverend Hale, a famous exorcist in the region, to help out. The appearance of Hale sets off a chain reaction in Salem which ev entually results in the trials and hangings of many people who are falsely accused in the village. Throughout the entire process of these trials, many of the characters under go changes caused by the heat and pressure of the situation brought about by the mass fear of witchcraft in the village. John Proctor constantly changes as the play progresses moving from a guilt-ridden, independent farmer, to a person completely open to confessing his sin, and finally to a defiant man who has greatShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear tha t inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Agriculture and Rural Businesses in Australia for Agriculture

Question: Discuss about theAgriculture and Rural Businesses in Australia for Agriculture. Answer: Agriculture and Rural Businesses In Australia Introduction According to industry experts in Australia, the rural businesses and agriculture are the backbone of the Australians economy. However small the businesses are, many people fall into that category and the revenue produced is huge. The trends in this two are changing steadily and scholars say that in the next 10 years to come the rural businesses and agriculture will heavily have change if at all a close look into the two is done (Keating, 2010). There are challenges to every business and with this two it is the same. For example, agriculture will need to evolve from its state and utilize the innovation of technology so as to feed the growing population which is in demand for extra food. The way people look at rural businesses makes the businesses look frail and incapable of rising to greater heights but with better management, the rural businesses would grow rapidly to changing the perceptions of every Australian (Getz, 2010). Project Objective With the right extensive expertise, rural business and agriculture would achieve their operational, strategic and financial goal regardless of the location or the size of the business. Moving forward should be the way for the two industries. The industry is faced with hardships and key issues that affect it. With the right strategies though, the industry would stand on its own two feet heading for prosperity. A closer look at the key issues facing the industry would help the one evaluate the industry first, then, find a solution to deal with the challenges in the industry before finding the right strategy or methodology to deal with the issues (Liepins, 2010). Before addressing the issues affecting the industry it is important to know that the industry is spread all over the country (Australia) so the issues apply for every industry no matter the location. Project Scope Here are the key issues: Assessments Printed material Regulatory and business Finance Technology in accounting Income Literature Review Assessments With organizations frequently shutting down because of CRA or IRS punishments, it is no big surprise businesses people don't trifle with impose time. In the event that agriculture and rural business don't have any earlier assessment control involvement, conforming to all the legitimate necessities can be a test. Fortunately, the web is loaded with tips to enable them to get the assessment undertakings altogether. One discovers its assessment log books and notices particularly valuable as an amateur. Be that as it may, charges are not just about stock and exchanges, straightforward things like where and how you enroll your business can highly affect your yearly duty bill (Anderson, 2003). While the sole proprietorship is among the most widely recognized business elements, enlisting as an organization may be a superior fit for rural businesses and agriculture in Australia, as a few reasoning can spare them from higher expenses over the long haul. These extreme manuals for business stru cture can enable them to make that decision. Printed material As agriculture and rural business development, so does the number of representatives, exchanges and at last printed material in accounting, and so it is in the Agriculture and rural business in Australia. With increased financial transactions then book keeping process becomes tedious and hard to monitor. Monitoring can spare the businesses a ton of hustle as neglecting to pronounce a few exchanges that may bring about a punishment. Accounting for the exchanges is very hard since there is a lot of transactions involved before the book keeping part is reached. In any case, regardless of this being a generally sensible supposition, by and by, it is exceptionally testing to control each and every receipt that experiences the business and this is the place innovation can be of extraordinary offer assistance (Pritchard, 2000). Search for better and quicker approach to work together. One driving bookkeeping firm in Vancouver forcefully utilizes PDF to Excel instrument at whatever point they require speedy access to the information from PDFs, accordingly sparing many hours. In Australia, this protocol can be used in order to change the assessment process and make it simpler. This innovation can change over PDF receipts, adjust explanations, and other budgetary information into Excel, sparing you valuable time while moving PDF information into a bookkeeping. There is no better approach to review the evidence the business today and present efficiencies in the work process (Henzell, 2007). Income Having promptly accessible money is one of the fundamental bookkeeping standards for any business. In Australia, this is an issue. With a restricted income, a business can't pay for every single day by day cost. Huge monitors your receivables (Sher, 1994). Ensuring that checking this report regularly in Slick Pie to get awful folks previously they turn into a noteworthy issue is the remedy in Accounting when it comes to agriculture and rural business in Australia. Snappy tip for this situation is checked your client's' credit record before working with anybody, however, an understanding that not all entrepreneurs have sufficient energy and cash for this additional exertion. The book keeping strategy would help a long way. Another wellspring of awful income is the absence of tune of credit terms. For example, if providers approach the businesses to pay for stock inside 15 days and your clients have a 30-day time span to reimburse their obligations, you can wind up with a negative inco me. Clearly, the best arrangement is arranged and get those terms in a state of harmony problem in the Australias agriculture and rural business is the restrictedness when it comes to accounting procedures (Allison, 2004). Monitoring awful obligations can spare you a considerable measure of stress and cash. Frequently, entrepreneurs are excessively caught up with, making it impossible to monitor the greater part of their customers' installments. By and by, a great bookkeeping programming can enable the businesses in Australia too. Regulatory and business The government plays a huge role either in making a business a success or failure. The regulations made by the government depict what environment conditions the business exists. In Australia, the government has imposed taxes on the industry and thus has made people not want to venture into the agriculture and rural business. Heavy tax impositions mean that potential investors will be put off by the tax (Pretty, 2001). The Australian governments have made the business licenses quite expensive which means that very few people can afford the kind of taxes. In the rural setting, revenue is likely to be lower than in the urban but you find that the license fee is almost the same meaning that the government is not considered of the setting too. The government has also forced the financial institutions to hike their interest rates for business which means accessing them is really hard. If the loan rates were different then it means a different view for agriculture and rural businesses. Technology in accounting Another problem that makes book keeping a problem is the lack of accounting tools. The problem is widespread and it tends to harbor the efficiency of accounting itself as a process. With no accounting tools and software then there is a derailment of agriculture and rural business records. The lack of accounting innovativeness brings about lack of easier and effective ways of book keeping. In the two businesses, there is a huge amount of data and information that is considered when it comes to accounting. The large amounts contribute to the bulky work of book keeping considering the alternating times of the business (Ronan, 2001). To make the book keeping statements accurate and a success then the needed machinery needed in the accounting field should in cooperate technology that helps to make the accounting process a success. In terms of technology in accounting when it comes to agriculture and rural business, the lack of qualified accounting is a personal and close problem challengi ng accounting itself. The technology itself plays a big role in accounting. Australia is facing the challenge in accounting yet it is one of the most developed countries technology wise in the country. Other industries are boasting of the technology upgrade in their respective industries but when it comes to agriculture and rural business, the accounting department is facing a challenge in this particular important sector. If accounting is to cease experiencing a lag then it is important to make drastic changes in order to change the book keeping the process in Australia (Marsh, 1998). Finance Finance is another dangerous bookkeeping zone for rural businesses and agriculture, and it truly shocks no one. There are 3 decisions in this circumstance: handle finance without anyone else, contract a bookkeeper, or utilize a product. In the event that you choose to deal with everything independent from anyone else, there are a few stages you have to take: Characterize your laborer as a representative or a temporary worker. Have them finish lawful printed material for fitting reasoning. Characterize payroll interval. Characterize worker advantages and pay designs. When you have everything set up, make a point to stay up with the latest as the entire obligation lies exclusively on to you (Kingwell, 2006). Conclusion In a nutshell, the challenge for accounting for agriculture and rural business has been an issue for a while. With a good strategy, the industry has a lot of potentials and what needs to be done is a review of the industry in a keen way. Coming up with extra remedies deserves inert methodology to come up with long term solutions for the industry (Woods, 2007). If at all the intervention of the government is to help then the person at the ground level should be in the front seat to accept the positive and optimistic changes for a better future in the industry. Reference List Keating, B.A., and Carberry, P.S., 2010: Emerging opportunities and challenges for Australian broadacre agriculture.Crop and Pasture Science,61(4), pp.269-278 Liepins, R., 2010: Making men: The construction and representation of agriculture?based masculinities in Australia and New Zealand.Rural Sociology,65(4), pp.605-620 Bjrkhaug, H. and Richards, C.A., 2008: Multifunctional agriculture in policy and practice? A comparative analysis of Norway and Australia.Journal of rural studies,24(1), pp.98-111. Pritchard, B. and McManus, P. eds., 2010: Land of discontent: The dynamics of change in rural and regional Australia. UNSW Press Also, G.A., Carter, S. and Ljunggren, E. eds., 2011.The handbook of research on entrepreneurship in agriculture and rural development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Pretty, J., Brett, C., Gee, D., Hine, R., Mason, C., Morison, J., Rayment, M., Van Der Bijl, G. and Dobbs, T., 2011: Policy challenges and priorities for internalizing the externalities of modern agriculture.Journal of environmental planning and management,44(2), pp.263-283 Ronan, G. and Cleary, G., 2010: Best practice benchmarking in Australian agriculture: issues and challenges.Agribusiness PerspectivesPaper,39 Kingwell, R., 2016: Climate change in Australia: agricultural impacts and adaptation.Australian Agribusiness Review,14(1) Allison, H. and Hobbs, R., 2014: Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the Lock-in Trap of the Western Australian agricultural region.Ecology and Society,9(1) Henzell, T., 2007: Australian agriculture: its history and challenges. CSIRO publishing Woods, M., 2007: Engaging the global countryside: globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place.Progress in Human Geography,31(4), pp.485-507 Nandan, R., 2010: Management accounting needs of SMEs and the role of professional accountants: A renewed research agenda.Journal of applied management accounting research,8(1), p.65.